TERMS RELATING TO
POPULATION MIGRATION

Migration -The process of change in permanent place of residence by individuals or social groups, which gains forms of movement into the other region of the same country, into the other geographical region or into the other country. Movements from village to city and vice versa are also considered as migration.

Migration mechanisms - The conditions giving way to the movements of people from one place to another. These conditions are divided into three groups:
a) Push conditions -They are connected with existence of difficult or unsatisfactory conditions in person's (group's) place of residence (absence of job, low standards of living, difficulties on professional background as regards to promotions, religious and ethnic conflicts, dictatorship, wars, economic crises, natural and man-made disasters and etc.),
b) Pull conditions - The complex of attractive conditions of living in other place (high salary, high standards of living, prominent opportunities to be promoted in social status, socio-economic and political stability, interethnic and religious tolerance, favorable climate and etc.)
c) Migration directions - Description of the direct movement of a migrant from one place to another. Migration directions include:
գ Accessibility of reaching some other place by migrant, his family and their belongings,
գ Presence or absence of obstacles on that way,
գ Awareness of a migrant to overcome financial and other obstacles,
գ Language barrier, etc.
Often indicators of migration directions counteract push and pull factors.

International
(external) migration - Movement of people from one country to the other.

Internal migration - Movement of people within the same country.

Immigration - Entry to any country by the citizens of the other country or stateless persons to take up temporary or permanent residence.

Emigration - Exit of people from the country of their citizenship to take up temporary or permanent residence in any other country.

Migrant - A person moving from one place (country) to another to take up temporary or permanent residence. This term also implies to the group of people moving from one place (country) to another for temporary employment.

Illegal migrant - A person moving from one country to another to take up temporary or permanent residence or work, whose movement to this country or presence there after entry may cause violation of the legislation of the country given.

Refugee - A person outside the country of his nationality or country of permanent residence owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership to a particular social group or political opinion and unable or unwilling to return to that country.

Asylum seeker - A person submitting an application for asylum outside the country of his citizenship or of his permanent residence and decision on granting him any residence status in that country has not been taken yet.

Stateless person - A person who does not possess citizenship of any state or who does not enjoy the auspices and protection of any state.

Transit passenger - A person who arrives in any country with the intention to move to the third country and who within the entire time spent in this country (at most 24 hours after arrival) stays in the transportation means, in the special zone of the port (airport, station) or under the supervision of the police.

Return of a migrant - Transfer of a foreigner to the country of his citizenship or permanent residence from the other state, which assumes presence of that person in its territory as unlawful. This includes expulsion by the Government as well as voluntary return on an individual basis or under the protection of some organization.

Principle of "non-refoulement" of a migrant - Norm of International Law, which determines that no country has right to return any person to the territory of the country where his/her life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership to a particular social group or political opinion.

Deportation - The action of expulsion of a foreigner or stateless person exercised by any country from its territory within the framework of its sovereignty as well as rejection of entry to the territory of the said state or recognition of person's presence in the territory of the state as invalid.

Integration - The process of socio-psychological and cultural assimilation and adaptation of the migrant and the population (society) of a receiving country.

Naturalization - Full inclusion of migrants into the system of rights and obligations prescribed by the country's legislation for the citizens of the country with the final stage to naturalize the migrant by the receiving country.

Re-emigration - Return of previously emigrated persons to the country of their citizenship or permanent residence with re-settlement intention.

Readmission - System of legal, political and economic measures implemented by receiving countries aimed at ensuring the return of foreigners present in their territories to the countries of their citizenship or permanent residence.

Reintegration - The process of social, psychological, economic and cultural re-adaptation of reemigrants in the country of their citizenship or permanent residence.

Trafficking - The recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of persons by use of threat, force or coercion, other forms of abduction, fraud or deception, the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability of a person or of the giving or receiving of payment for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation includes at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or slavery-like practices, servitude or the removal of organs.

Smuggling - The facilitation of illegal movements across borders in exchange for some financial rewards.

Labor migration - The movement of persons from country of their citizenship or of permanent residence into the other with the aim of finding a job.

Entry permit - The authorization given at a border crossing point by the border control official for entry to the territory of the country issued upon submission of the travel documents prescribed by the country's legislation.

Travel documents - All documents recognized as proving person's identity for entry to the territory of the other country (passport, entry permit, etc.)

Temporary protection - Protection temporarily granted by asylum-granting country in cases of mass flows resulting from natural or social disasters for restricted, but not necessarily fixed period of time.

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